KASMEJ

Kastamonu Medical Journal regularly publishes internationally qualified issues in the field of Medicine in the light of up-to-date information.

EndNote Style
Index
Original Article
Comparison of benefit rate from facet joint injection therapy in smokers and non-smokers with chronic low back pain
Aims: In Pain Clinics, facet joint injections are routinely performed for therapeutic purposes in patients with facet joint-related low back pain. In this study, we aimed to compare smokers and non-smokers in terms of the frequency of benefit from facet joint injection.
Methods: Patients older than 18 years of age who underwent facet joint injection in the Pain Management Operating Room between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2019 were included in the study. After scanning patient files for demographic data and pain scores, the patients were contacted to record their pre-procedure and post-procedure 6-month NRS scores and smoking history.
Results: A total of 234 patients with a median age of 60.6 (min:20, max:90) were included. Facet joint injections demonstrated a significant decrease in pain scores. There was no relationship between smoking status and pre-procedural pain (p = 0.976) or post-procedure NRS scores (p = 0.649).
Conclusion: Our results showed that smoking status was unassociated with pre- and post-procedural pain scores.


1. Mattiuzzi C, Lippi G, Bovo C. Current epidemiology of low back pain. J Hospital Manag Health Policy. 2020;4(15):1-6. doi: 10.21037/jhmhp-20-17
2. World Report on Ageing and Health/Eendebak RO, World Health: World Report on Ageing and Health. 2015.
3. de Souza IMB, Sakaguchi TF, Yuan SLK, et al. Prevalence of low back pain in the elderly population: a systematic review. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2019;74:e789. doi:10.6061/clinics/2019/e789
4. Almeida DC, Kraychete DC. Low back pain-a diagnostic approach. Revista Dor. 2017;18(2):173-177. doi:10.5935/1806-0013.20170034
5. Parreira P, Maher CG, Steffens D, Hancock MJ, Ferreira ML. Risk factors for low back pain and sciatica: an umbrella review. Spine J. 2018;18(9): 1715-1721. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2018.05.018
6. Puschmann AK, Drießlein D, Beck H, et al. Stress and self-efficacy as long-term predictors for chronic low back pain: a prospective longitudinal study. J Pain Res. 2020;13:613-621. doi:10.2147/JPR.S223893
7. Ramdas J, Jella V. Prevalence and risk factors of low back pain. Int J Advanc Med. 2018;5(5):1120-1123. doi:10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20183413
8. Ramond A, Bouton C, Richard I, et al. Psychosocial risk factors for chronic low back pain in primary care-a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2011;28(1):12-21. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmq072
9. Shiri R, Falah-Hassani K, Heliövaara M, et al. Risk factors for low back pain: a population-based longitudinal study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2019;71(2):290-299. doi:10.1002/acr.23710
10. Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Soin A, et al. Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for facet joint ınterventions in the management of chronic spinal pain: American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) guidelines facet joint ınterventions 2020 guidelines. Pain Physician. 2020;23(3S):S1-S127.
11. Shih C, Lin GY, Yueh KC, Lin JJ. Lumbar zygapophyseal joint injections in patients with chronic lower back pain. J Chin Med Assoc. 2005;68(2): 59-64. doi:10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70136-4
12. Schulte TL, Pietilä TA, Heidenreich J, Brock M, Stendel R. Injection therapy of lumbar facet syndrome: a prospective study. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2006;148(11):1165-1172. doi:10.1007/s00701-006-0897-z
13. Zvolensky MJ, McMillan K, Gonzalez A, Asmundson GJ. Chronic pain and cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence among a representative sample of adults. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009;11(12):1407-1414. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp153
14. Leboeuf-Yde C. Smoking and low back pain. A systematic literature review of 41 journal articles reporting 47 epidemiologic studies. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24(14):1463-1470. doi:10.1097/00007632-199907150- 00012
15. Kwon JW, Ha JW, Lee TS, Moon SH, Lee HM, Park Y. Comparison of the prevalence of low back pain and related spinal diseases among smokers and nonsmokers: using Korean National Health Insurance Database. Clin Orthop Surg. 2020;12(2):200-208. doi:10.4055/cios19095
16. Kim KH. The effect of smoking on bone health. JKSRNT. 2013;4(1):20-27.
17. Elmasry S, Asfour S, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Travascio F. Effects of tobacco smoking on the degeneration of the ıntervertebral disc: a finite element study. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0136137. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136137
18. Dorey A, Scheerlinck P, Nguyen H, Albertson T. Acute and chronic carbon monoxide toxicity from tobacco smoking. Mil Med. 2020;185(1-2): e61-e67. doi:10.1093/milmed/usz280
19. Baglole CJ, Sime PJ, Phipps RP. Cigarette smoke-induced expression of heme oxygenase-1 in human lung fibroblasts is regulated by intracellular glutathione. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008;295(4):L624-L636. doi:10.1152/ajplung.90215.2008
20. Hettiarachchi NT, Boyle JP, Dallas ML, Al-Owais MM, Scragg JL, Peers C. Heme oxygenase-1 derived carbon monoxide suppresses Aβ1-42 toxicity in astrocytes. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8(6):e2884-e2884. doi:10. 1038/cddis.2017.276
21. Li X, Clark JD. Heme oxygenase type 2 participates in the development of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. J Pain. 2003;4(2):101-107. doi:10.1054/jpai.2003.18
22. Campos WK, Linhares MN, Sarda J, et al. Predictors of pain recurrence after lumbar facet joint injections. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:958-958. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00958
23. Alkherayf F, Agbi C. Cigarette smoking and chronic low back pain in the adult population. Clin Invest Med. 2009;32(5):E360-E367. doi:10.25011/cim.v32i5.6924
24. Patel RA, Wilson RF, Patel PA, Palmer RM. The effect of smoking on bone healing: a systematic review. Bone Joint Res. 2013;2(6):102-111. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.26.2000142
25. Narkiewicz K, van de Borne PJ, Hausberg M, et al. Cigarette smoking increases sympathetic outflow in humans. Circulation. 1998;98(6):528-534. doi:10.1161/01.cir.98.6.528
26. Schimmel J, George N, Schwarz J, Yousif S, Suner S, Hack JB. Carboxyhemoglobin levels ınduced by cigarette smoking outdoors in smokers. J Med Toxicol. 2018;14(1):68-73. doi:10.1007/s13181-017-0645-1
27. Joel D, Silva SD, Prasanna Kumar D, Mahabaleshwar C, Mimansa B, Vaibhav J. Smoking and chronic pain. J Health Res Rev. 2014;1:34-39.
28. Campos WK, Linhares MN, Sarda J, et al. Predictors of pain recurrence after lumbar facet joint injections. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:958. doi:10. 3389/fnins.2019.00958
29. Palmetto GBA. Local coverage determination (LCD): facet joint injections, medial branch blocks, and facet joint radiofrequency neurotomy (L36471). Original effective date. 2016,2:15.
30. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Fellows B, Pampati V. Evaluation of influence of gender, occupational injury, and smoking on chronic low back pain of facet joint origin: a subgroup analysis. Pain Physic. 2002;5(1):30-35.
31. Kwon MA, Shim WS, Kim MH, et al. A correlation between low back pain and associated factors: a study involving 772 patients who had undergone general physical examination.J Korean Med Sci. 2006;21(6): 1086-1091. doi:10.3346/jkms.2006.21.6.1086
32. Altinel L, Köse KC, Ergan V, et al. The prevalence of low back pain and risk factors among adult population in Afyon region, Turkey. Acta Orthopaed Traumatol Turcica. 2008;42(5):328-333. doi:10.3944/AOTT. 2008.328
33. Khurana VG. Adverse impact of smoking on the spine and spinal surgery. Surg Neurol Int. 2021;12:118. doi:10.25259/SNI_6_2021
34. Grisdela P Jr, Buser Z, D’Oro A, Paholpak P, Liu JC, Wang JC. Trends analysis of surgical procedures for cervical degenerative disc disease and myelopathy in patients with tobacco use disorder. Eur Spine J. 2017; 26(9):2386-2392. doi:10.1007/s00586-017-5120-9
Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025
Page : 14-18
_Footer