1. Dhossche DM, Wachtel LE. Catatonia is hidden in plain sight among different pediatric disorders: a review article. Pediatr Neurol. 2010;43(5): 307-315. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.07.001
2. Carroll BT. Catatonia: a clinician’s guide to diagnosis and treatment. Psychol Med. 2004;34(6):1139-1140. doi:10.1017/S0033291704233207
3. Cohen D, Nicolas JD, Flament MF, et al. Clinical relevance of chronic catatonic schizophrenia in children and adolescents: evidence from a prospective naturalistic study. Schizophr Res. 2005;76(2-3):301-308. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.014
4. Thakur A, Jagadheesan K, Dutta S, Sinha VK. Incidence of catatonia in children and adolescents in a paediatric psychiatric clinic. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2003;37(2):200-203. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01125.x
5. Cornic F, Consoli A, Tanguy ML, et al. Association of adolescent catatonia with increased mortality and morbidity: evidence from a prospective follow-up study. Schizophr Res. 2009;113(2-3):233-240. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.04.021
6. Ghaziuddin N, Hendriks M, Patel P, Wachtel LE, Dhossche DM. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome/malignant catatonia in child psychiatry: literature review and a case series. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2017;27(4):359-365. doi:10.1089/cap.2016.0180
7. American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5 Task Force. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. 2013.
8. Bush G, Fink M, Petrides G, Dowling F, Francis A. Catatonia. I. Rating Scale and standardized examination. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;93(2): 129-136. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09814.x
9. Karmacharya R, England ML, Ongür D. Delirious mania: clinical features and treatment response. J Affect Disord. 2008;109(3):312-316. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.12.001
10. Caroff SN. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 1980; 41(3):79-83.
11. Smego RA Jr, Durack DT. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 1982;142(6):1183-1185.
12. Carroll BT. Kahlbaum’s catatonia revisited. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;55(5):431-436. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2001.00887.x
13. Wijemanne S, Jankovic J. Movement disorders in catatonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(8):825-832. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-309098
14. Carroll BT, Kirkhart R, Ahuja N, et al. Katatonia: a new conceptual understanding of catatonia and a new rating scale. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2008;5(12):42-50.
15. Cohen D. Towards a valid nosography and psychopathology of catatonia in children and adolescents. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2006;72:131-147. doi:10. 1016/S0074-7742(05)72008-0
16. Dhossche D, Cohen D, Ghaziuddin N, Wilson C, Wachtel LE. The study of pediatric catatonia supports a home of its own for catatonia in DSM-5. Med Hypotheses. 2010;75(6):558-560. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2010.07.029
17. Andersson P, Wachtel LE, Lundberg J, et al. Youth with severe mental illness and complex non-somatic motor abnormalities: conflicting conceptualizations and unequal treatment. Npj Ment Health Res. 2022; 1(1):13. doi:10.1038/s44184-022-00013-8
18. Sienaert P, Rooseleer J, De Fruyt J. Measuring catatonia: a systematic review of rating scales. J Affect Disord. 2011;135(1-3):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.012
19. Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Heekeren K, Neukirch A, et al. Psychological effects of (S)-ketamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT): a double-blind, cross-over study in healthy volunteers. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2005;38(6):301-311. doi:10.1055/s-2005-916185
20. Carroll BT, Goforth HW, Thomas C, et al. Review of adjunctive glutamate antagonist therapy in the treatment of catatonic syndromes. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;19(4):406-412. doi:10.1176/jnp. 2007.19.4.406.
21. Walther S, Strik W. Catatonia. CNS Spectr. 2016;21(4):341-348. doi:10. 1017/S1092852916000274
22. Consoli A, Raffin M, Laurent C, et al. Medical and developmental risk factors of catatonia in children and adolescents: a prospective case-control study. Schizophr Res. 2012;137(1-3):151-158. doi:10.1016/j.schres. 2012.02.012
23. Raffin M, Consoli A, Giannitelli M, et al. Catatonia in children and adolescents: a high rate of genetic conditions. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;57(7):518-525.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.03.020
24. Byrne S, Walsh C, Hacohen Y, et al. Earlier treatment of NMDAR antibody encephalitis in children results in a better outcome. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2015;2(4):e130. doi:10.1212/NXI.00000 00000000130
25. Ferrafiat V, Raffin M, Freri E, et al. A causality algorithm to guide diagnosis and treatment of catatonia due to autoimmune conditions in children and adolescents. Schizophr Res. 2018;200:68-76. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.036
26. Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(2): 157-165. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70310-1
27. Livingston B, Bonner A, Pope J. Differences in clinical manifestations between childhood-onset lupus and adult-onset lupus: a meta-analysis. Lupus. 2011;20(13):1345-1355. doi:10.1177/0961203311416694
28. Montagna G, Imperiali M, Agazzi P, et al. Hashimoto’s encephalopathy: a rare proteiform disorder. Autoimmun Rev. 2016;15(5):466-476. doi:10. 1016/j.autrev.2016.01.014
29. Schlansky K, Facer B, Tanguturi YC, Cundiff AW, Fuchs DC. Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome and catatonia: a case report. Psychosomatics. 2020;61(1):86-91. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2019.03.007
30. Swedo SE, Seidlitz J, Kovacevic M, et al. Clinical presentation of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections in research and community settings. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25(1):26-30. doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0073
31. Takaoka K, Takata T. Catatonia in childhood and adolescence. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;57(2):129-137. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01092.x
32. Cornic F, Consoli A, Cohen D. Catatonia in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Annals. 2007;37:19-26. doi:10.3928/00485713-20070101-05.
33. Lahutte B, Cornic F, Bonnot O, et al. Multidisciplinary approach of organic catatonia in children and adolescents may improve treatment decision making. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008; 32(6):1393-1398. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.02.015
34. Wing L, Shah A. Catatonia in autistic spectrum disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;176:357-362. doi:10.1192/bjp.176.4.357
35. Wing L, Shah A. A systematic examination of catatonia-like clinical pictures in autism spectrum disorders. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2006;72:21-39. doi:10.1016/S0074-7742(05)72002-X
36. Wachtel L, Commins E, Park M, Rolider N, Stephens R, Reti I. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and delirious mania as malignant catatonia in autism: prompt relief with electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015;132(4):319-320. doi:10.1111/acps.12441
37. Hawkins JM, Archer KJ, Strakowski SM, Keck PE. Somatic treatment of catatonia. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1995;25(4):345-369. doi:10.2190/X0FF-VU7G-QQP7-L5V7
38. Benarous X, Raffin M, Ferrafiat V, Consoli A, Cohen D. Catatonia in children and adolescents: New perspectives. Schizophr Res. 2018;200:56-67. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.028
39. Roberto AJ, Pinnaka S, Mohan A, Yoon H, Lapidus KA. Adolescent catatonia successfully treated with Lorazepam and aripiprazole. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2014;2014:309517. doi:10.1155/2014/309517
40. Strawn JR, Delgado SV. Successful treatment of catatonia with aripiprazole in an adolescent with psychosis. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007;17(5):733-735. doi:10.1089/cap.2007.0036
41. Ishitobi M, Kawatani M, Asano M, et al. Quetiapine responsive catatonia in an autistic patient with comorbid bipolar disorder and idiopathic basal ganglia calcification. Brain Dev. 2014;36(9):823-825. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2013.12.005
42. Cohen D, Bonnot O, Bodeau N, Consoli A, Laurent C. Adverse effects of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents: a Bayesian meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(3):309-316. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182549259
43. Jäger M, Haack S, Becker T, Frasch K. Schizoaffective disorder-an ongoing challenge for psychiatric nosology. Eur Psychiatry. 2011;26(3): 159-165. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.03.010
</ol>
<p>